Cumulative Effects of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Measures on Algae Growth Inhibition

Measures based on concurrent alterations of an environment’s physical, chemical, and biological factors are commonly adopted to control harmful algal blooms (HABs). It was postulated that the combinations interactions multiple measures could exert cumulative effects (as overall effect may or not be equal additive sum for each measure individually). However, few studies have further assessed whether is synergistic, additive, antagonistic. This study proposed a framework distinguish quantify effects. We also designed experiment investigate combined utilization physical (flow velocity), chemical (copper), (propionamide) algae growth inhibition. The results show inhibition antagonistic; all together tended These showed synergistic between produced antagonistic when were added. Through response surface methodology analysis, we found factor most significant affecting effect, followed by then factor. Our provide more detailed understanding interaction patterns among affect growth. Importantly, this can integrated into future strategy development fully exploit potential at its maximum performance.